Escaping Nazi Germany: Jewish refugee dentists and their post-emigration careers in the United States of America.

This study is the first to examine the collective of dental lecturers and scientists who emigrated from Nazi Germany to the United States of America. We pay special attention to the socio-demographic characteristics, emigration journeys, and further professional development of these individuals in the country of immigration. The paper is based on primary sources from various German, Austrian, and United States archives and a systematic evaluation of the secondary literature on the persons concerned. We identified a total of eighteen male emigrants. The majority of these dentists left the "Greater" German Reich between 1938 and 1941. Thirteen of the eighteen lecturers were able to find a position in American academia, mainly as full professors. Two-thirds of them settled in New York and Illinois. The study concludes that most of the emigrated dentists studied here succeeded in continuing or even expanding their academic careers in the USA, although they usually had to retake their final dental examinations. No other destination country for immigration offered similarly favorable conditions. Not a single dentist decided to remigrate after 1945.

Wilhelm Reich numa perspectiva autobiográfica: aproximações e rupturas com a psicanálise clássica / Wilhelm Reich in an autobiographical perspective: approaches andruptures with classical psychoanalysis

Este estudo bibliográfico constitui-se de três seções. Na primeira, destacam-se duas narrativas autobiográficas do psicanalista Wilhelm Reich: "Paixão de juventude" e "A função do orgasmo". Na segunda, analisam-se os tópicos convergentes entre Reich e Freud, que são os construtos da primeira fase psicanalítica (1894-1920), e na terceira, discutem-se os tópicos divergentes entre esses autores, que são os construtos da segunda fase psicanalítica (1920-1939). Portanto, o objetivo é ressaltar as aproximações e rupturas de Reich com a psicanálise clássica. Os resultados apontam que as experiências sexuais infanto-juvenis de Reich influenciaram em seus interesses de estudo, enquanto jovem estudante de medicina, levando-o a aproximar-se e, ao mesmo tempo, a afastar-se da psicanálise. Destaca-se que, da análise comparativa dessas duas obras reichianas, pode-se concluir que, na primeira, ele delineia os construtos básicos que são detalhados na segunda. Nessa, ele explicita as divergências teóricas entre ele e Freud. Principalmente, a crítica reichiana contumaz ao construto freudiano da pulsão de morte que o levou a elaborar a teoria do orgasmo e que o afastou, definitivamente, da psicanálise. Mostra-se que entre os 1920-1934, quando ele esteve ligado à IPA e com o consentimento de Freud, Reich desenvolveu as Teorias da Economia sexual, do Orgasmo e da Análise do Caráter como releitura crítica da pulsão de morte que não aceitava

This bibliographic study consists of three sections. In the first one, two autobiographical narratives by the psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich stand out: "Passion of youth" and "The function of orgasm". In the second, the converging topics between Reich and Freud are analyzed, which are the constructs of the first psy-choanalytic phase (1894-1920), and in the third, the divergent topics between these authors are discussed, which are the constructs of the second psycho-analytic phase (1920-1939). Therefore, the objective is to highlight Reich'sapproximations and ruptures with classical psychoanalysis. The results indicatethat Reich's child and adolescent sexual experiences influenced his study inte-rests as a young medical student, leading him to approach and, at the sametime, to move away from psychoanalysis. It is noteworthy that, from the comparative analysis of the two Reichian works, it can be concluded that, in the first,he outlines the basic constructs that are detailed in the second. In this, he explains the theoretical differences between him and Freud. Mainly, the persistent Reichian critique of the Freudian construct of the death drive that led him to elaborate the orgasm theory that definitively distanced him from psychoanalysis. It is shown that between 1920-1934, when he was linked to the IPA and with Freud's consent, Reich developed the Theories of Sexual Economy, Orgasm andCharacter Analysis as a critical reinterpretation of the death drive that he did not accept

Nazi functionary or oppositionist in disguise? The complex life of the anatomist Enno Freerksen (1910-2001).

Enno Freerksen (1910-2001) is one of the most prominent German anatomists of his time, as evidenced by numerous international awards. His political role in the Third Reich, however, remains controversial. While some authors describe him an avowed National Socialist, Karl-Werner Ratschko recently speculated about a late turn of Freerksen towards political resistance. The present work takes these contradictions as an occasion for a comprehensive source-based analysis of Freerksen's activities in the Third Reich. For the first time, a synoptic evaluation of primary sources from eight different archives is undertaken. The study is supplemented by a systematic re-analysis of all available research contributions on Freerksen. The study demonstrates that Freerksen not only joined numerous Nazi organizations - partly even before Hitler came to power -, but also took on several important functions in the Nazi apparatus and worked on National Socialist research topics (e.g. racial hygiene). It can also be shown that his steep scientific career was closely linked to his political activities. The thesis that Freerksen opposed Nazi ideology towards the end of the war, on the other hand, must be clearly rejected. On the contrary: The sources show Freerksen as a National Socialist polyfunctionary, who did not self-critically reflect on his role in the Third Reich even after 1945.

Wilhelm Reich and Sexology from Below.

One of sexologist Wilhelm Reich's most ambitious and enduring theories claims that sexuality and sexual repression play a central role in the production and reproduction of class structures and hierarchies. From 1927-1933, Reich combined his sexological work with his communist political convictions in a movement that became known as sex-pol. Reich developed some of his most provocative and potentially emancipatory theories through this empirical work with members of working-class communities. Though they often remain anonymous in his writings, the traces of their voices remain audible throughout. In this paper, I employ a Gramscian method, developed by post-colonial scholars, to read for the trace of proletarian voices in Reich's archive. I argue that these subjects helped to theorize the role of sex in producing and reproducing class oppression. Reading for the trace of proletarian voices in the archive expands our understanding of how working-class subjects in early twentieth-century Germany and Austria helped to produce concrete sexological knowledge from below.

[Legalized deprivation of rights: on the legal construction of dismissal and expulsion under National Socialism]. / Legalisierte Entrechtung: zur juristischen Konstruktion von Entlassung und Vertreibung im Nationalsozialismus.

In order to provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and background leading to the persecution and expulsion, particularly of physicians labelled as "Jewish" in Nazi Germany, this article outlines their gradual disenfranchisement, through laws and decrees in the years 1933-1939. As the publicly visible terror immediately after the Nazi takeover was rejected in large parts of society, the regime resorted early on to supposedly legal forms of exclusion. With the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service of 7 April 1933, "non-Aryan" (§â€¯3) and politically unreliable (§â€¯4) persons could be removed from office, if necessary, even without any further comment (§â€¯6). However, regulations for long-standing civil servants as well as the "front-line fighter privilege" reduced the desired effect, e.g. in university medicine in a way that was not intended by those in power. The Reich Citizenship Law of 1935, as part of the so-called Nuremberg Laws introduced the criterion of "German blood". This resulted in a second large wave of dismissals. Outside the universities, a plethora of further defamatory legal norms, from the regulation on the approval of physicians for activities with the health insurances and the Law on Honorary Appointments (both in 1933), the so-called Flag Decree (1937) and withdrawal of the approbation (1938), aimed at the gradual "elimination" of Jewish physicians, which for many of them ended in extermination in the Holocaust. This practice implemented over years was based on a jurisdiction devised especially for that purpose and in hindsight it has been perfectly defined as "legal injustice".

Innsbruck's histological institute in the third Reich: Specimens from NS-victims.

As elsewhere, the cadavers of Nazi victims were used at the 'Alpenunversität Innsbruck' for the education of medical students. They were also used by members of the Institute of Anatomy and the Institute of Histology for scientific research and publications. In 2018, over 300 drawers were discovered in a laboratory anteroom of the Innsbruck Histological Institute containing around 15,000 histological slides. After a closer examination, 237 slides were found to have human tissues from victims of the 3rd Reich possibly. These 237 slides were produced between May 1938 and March 1944. All 237 slides were digitized, the labels carefully analysed, and some of the victims were identified. Several specimens come from the tissues of three Nazi victims who were executed in Munich-Stadelheim and whose bodies were brought to the Innsbruck Anatomical Institute. From there, the organs were passed on to the Histological Institute Innsbruck. Inscriptions on other slides such as "Cl[ara]. 40", "hing[erichtet]. Clara" or "Hinger[ichtet]. Cl[ara]." prove that the specimens were most likely sent to the Institute by the histologist Max Clara. At this time, Clara was Director of the Leipzig Anatomical Institute and still had close ties to the Innsbruck Institute, where he had been trained. Based on several sources, some Nazi victims could be identified by name; biographical traces complement this identification. Under what political and sociological conditions future generations will look at the crimes of the Nazi dictatorship is not yet foreseeable. As anatomists and scientists, we must be cautious about removing evidence from this terrible time. Therefore, we will bury all slides where relatives wish to do so or where it is clear that Rabbi Polak's "Vienna Protocol" must be applied. However, the remaining slides will be kept safe for eventual further investigation.

The Language of the Third Reich and of the Bolsonaro Government / A Linguagem do Terceiro Reich e a do Governo Bolsonaro

This conference was held on October 23, 2020, virtually, at the invitation of the Après-Coup based in New York and had the intends to show how the current Brazilian government has been using the language and aesthetics of the Third Reich in its statements to the nation and its institutional advertisements, in accord with its stance toward fascism. This development does not, however, seem to be exclusive to Brazil: the fascist state of mind has been spreading in other "democracies" across the planet

Esta conferência foi realizada em 23 de outubro de 2020, de forma virtual, à convite da Après-Coup sediada em Nova York e teve o objetivo de mostrar como o atual governo brasileiro vem utilizando a linguagem e a estética do Terceiro Reich em suas declarações à nação e em seus anúncios institucionais, de acordo com sua postura em relação ao fascismo. Este desenvolvimento não parece, no entanto, ser exclusivo do Brasil: o estado de espírito fascista vem espalhando-se em outras "democracias" em todo o planeta.

Political pragmatist or man of conviction? Heinrich Bredt (1906-1989) and his involvement in the Third Reich.

Heinrich Bredt (1906-1989) has to be considered one of the most prominent German pathologists of the past century. While his scientific oeuvre - especially his research on pathology of the cardiovascular system - received widespread attention, his actual connection to National Socialism remains largely concealed. This paper takes this need for clarification as an occasion for a detailed investigation of Bredt's political role in the Third Reich, based on source material from Federal, State and University Archives. The analysis shows that Heinrich Bredt had already joined the anti-Semitic and anti-democratic Association of German Students in the 1920s, and from 1933 onward he entered various Nazi organizations - including the Nazi Party. Unlike in later statements, Bredt was not just a nominal member of the Party, he held various offices in National Socialist organizations and was accordingly classified as loyal to the regime by the Nazi authorities. In contrast, during his time in the socialist dictatorship of East Germany, Bredt remained aloof from the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany and its political organizations - unlike many former Nazi Party members who behaved in a political opportune manner in East Germany as well. Bredt demonstrated a distance from the socialist system which suggests that his political actions were guided not by pragmatic but by ideological considerations.

[A Link Between Eugenics and Law-the 'Medical-Juristic' Commentary in the Third Reich]. / Ein Scharnier zwischen Eugenik und Recht ­ der "medizinisch-juristische" Kommentar im "Dritten Reich".

Before 1933 commentaries on laws were exclusively juristic texts, written and read only by legal professionals. Beginning in 1934, scholars from different disciplines, especially medical scientists, began writing juristic commentaries. The essay examines the reasons for this development and explores how it changed the genre, using the example of the most important commentary on the Blutschutz- and Ehegesundheitsgesetz, which resulted from the collaboration of two medical professionals and a legal professional. The article argues that the recruitment of non-juristic authors and the corresponding methodological changes were caused by a debate on a possible "reform" of juristic commentaries which took place in law journals. From the perspective of the National Socialist regime, the genre in its traditional form was not compatible with the Third Reich's philosophy of law.In this new genre, commentaries not only referred to legal problems, but also dealt with issues from other disciplines, such as medical questions. The essay modifies Mitchell G. Ash's theoretical approach regarding the "entanglement" of jurisprudence and other disciplines. Law and other sciences became, according to Ash, "resources for one another": Legal scholars could claim that legal decisions were based on scientific facts and therefore "unquestionable." The affected disciplines also gained greater importance as a result of this process in which their findings becoming legally relevant. This transformation also enabled them to acquire resources for new research projects.Moreover, the essay examines the connection between this development and the change of audience within German courts. Not only did the authors of the commentaries change, but also the recipients: Many laws passed after 1933 introduced new courts using lay judges, professionals with a non-law background. These "experts" came from multiple fields connecting them to the new law, such as medical professionals.

Psicanálise e Revolução Russa: notas para um debate / Psicoanálisis y Revolución rusa: notas para un debate / Psychoanalysis and Russian Revolution: Notes for a Debate

Este artigo recupera alguns momentos importantes dos encontros e desencontros entre a psicanálise e a Revo-lução Russa. Não é casualidade o fato de a psicanálise ter um papel crucial nos primeiros anos da revolução, abrindo espaço para reflexões sobre o novo homem soviético. E é por essa via que Wilhelm Reich visita a urss, em 1929, afirmando que muitas das mudanças introduzidas pela revolução iam ao encontro de suas teorias. No entanto, pouco depois critica o retrocesso no campo da sexualidade, ocorrido a partir dos anos 1930, ao qual atribui importante papel na burocratização da revolução. Nesse sentido, Reich não difere muito de Freud que, em diversos momentos de seu percurso intelectual, faz menção à experiência soviética, mos-trando-se cético no que concerne à univocidade das visões de mundo e ao caráter ilusório das promessas de extinção do mal-estar. Se consideramos relevante retomar esse debate, é porque ele coloca, para a psica-nálise, a questão de sua possibilidade de escutar vozes historicamente proletarizadas e, para os revolucionários sociais, o problema de sustentar um discurso que não se deixe seduzir pela tentação totalizante

Este artículo recupera algunos momentos importantes de los encuentros y desajustes entre el psicoanálisis y la Revolución rusa. No es casualidad que el psicoanálisis haya jugado un papel crucial en los primeros años de la Revolución, haciendo espacio para la reflexión sobre el nuevo hombre soviético. De esta manera es que Wilhelm Reich visita la URSS en 1929, afirmando que muchos de los cambios introducidos por la Revolución estaban en línea con sus teorías. Sin embargo, poco después critica el retroceso en el campo de la sexualidad, que ocurrió desde la década de 1930, al que le atribuye un papel importante en la burocratización de la Revolución. En este sentido, Reich no difiere mucho de Freud, quien en varios puntos de su carrera intelectual hace referencia a la experiencia soviética y es escéptico sobre la univocidad de las cosmovisiones y el carácter ilusorio de las promesas de extinción del malestar. Si consideramos relevante reanudar este debate, es porque plantea para el psicoanálisis la cuestión de su posibilidad de escuchar voces históricamente proletarizadas y, para los revolucionarios sociales, el problema de mantener un discurso que no sea seducido por la tentación totalizante

This article recovers some important moments of the encounters and mismatches between psychoanalysis and the Russian Revolution. It is no coincidence that psychoanalysis played a crucial role in the revolution's early years, making room for reflecting on the new Soviet man. So much so that Wilhelm Reich stated, when he visited the ussr in 1929, that many of the changes introduced by the revolution met his theories. Shortly afterwards, however, he criticized the setback in the field of sexuality, which occurred in the 1930s, to which he attributed an important role in the bureau-cratization of the revolution. In this sense, Reich does not differ much from Freud, who, at various points in his intellectual career, referred to the Soviet experience and was skeptical of the world views' univocity and the illusory character of the promises of extinction of unease. We consider it relevant to resume this de-bate because it raises the question for psychoanalysis of its possibility to listen to historically proletarianized voices, and for social revolutionaries, the problem of sustaining a discourse that is not seduced by the totalizing temptation

Facts and fiction: The pathologist Gerhard Seifert (1921-2014) and his dealings with National Socialism.

Gerhard Seifert is considered one of the leading German pathologists of his time. He was not only an outstanding scientist but also shaped the politics of university pathology like hardly anyone else. In the context of a national research project on the role of German pathologists in the Third Reich, it was recently discovered that Seifert had joined the Nazi Party. The present study takes this hitherto unknown fact as an occasion for a closer analysis of Seifert's life and work - with a special focus on the Third Reich; the aim is to clarify (1) when and how Seifert's membership came about and (2) how he dealt with the Nazi era and his own political role in the period after 1945. The present study is based on various archival documents. Furthermore, Seifert's autobiography "A Saxon in Hamburg - A Doctor's Life from East to West" was evaluated and cross-referenced with the archival sources. Last not least a systematic re-analysis of the literature on Seifert was conducted, including eulogies and obituaries on his life and work. It can be shown that Gerhard Seifert was an outstanding scientist - with special merits in the fields of oral pathology (including salivary glands), the pathology of the pancreas, endocrine pathology and osteopathology -, an extensive networker and an enigmatic personality. However, it is also demonstrable that Seifert joined the Nazi Party at the age of 17, remained a member until its abolition at the end of the Second World War, and concealed his party membership after 1945. In this respect, he built his career in postwar Germany on a false statement.

No aniversário de Wilhelm Reich: o que há para comemorar? / On Wilhelm Reichs birthday: what to celebrate?

Mais de cento e vinte anos se passaram desde o nascimento de Wilhelm Reich, em 1897, e mais de sessenta anos se passaram desde sua morte, em 1957, mas seu pensamento continua vivo e merece ser amplamente divulgado. Nisso, as Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação, tão comuns na atualidade, têm papel determinante. Nesse sentido, este texto teve como objetivo identificar, com base nos vídeos disponíveis no Youtube, aqueles capazes de contribuir para a difusão deste autor, ainda tão pouco conhecido no Brasil. Por meio de pesquisa exploratória no site do Youtube, nos certificamos de que ao menos 10 dos vídeos coletados contribuem para que se tenha uma ideia inicial de quem foi esse autor. Ao organizar um banco de dados inicial, divulgando-o por meio desta pesquisa, esperamos contribuir para a difusão do pensamento deste autor, que muito tem a contribuir para a discussão de temas contemporâneos nas mais diferentes áreas do conhecimento.(AU)

More than one hundred and twenty years have passed since the birth of Wilhelm Reich in 1897 and more than sixty years have passed since his death in 1957, but his ideas remais alive and desserves to be disseminated. In this, Information and Communication Technologies, so common nowadays, have a determining role. In this sense, this text aimed to identify, based on the vídeos available on Youtube, those capable of contributing to the dissemination of this author, still so unknown in Brazil. Through exploratory research on the Youtube website, we make sure that at least 10 of the collected vídeos contribute for an initial idea of who this author was. By organizing an initial database, disseminating it through this research, we hope to contribute to the dissemination of the ideas of this author who has a lot to contribute to the discussion of contemporary themes in the most differents areas of knowledge.(AU)

Victim or profiteer? Gerhard Domagk (1895-1964) and his relation to National Socialism.

As the discoverer of sulfonamides and Nobel Prize winner for medicine, Gerhard Domagk (1895-1964) is without doubt one of the most important pathologists of the 20th century. Domagk has repeatedly been sketched out as a Nazi victim - especially with reference to the fact that he had been briefly imprisoned and that the Nazi regime prevented him from accepting the Nobel Prize. In particular, the life memoirs of Domagk (1995), edited by Bayer, and a Domagk biography by Ekkehard Grundmann (2001) contributed to consolidating the dictum that Domagk was far from Nazi ideology. These depictions are juxtaposed with recent works that sketch Domagk as close to the regime and as a profiteer of the Nazi system. This paper aims to explore Domagk's actual relationship to National Socialism by comparing the discrepant interpretations with the historical facts. The analysis is based on primary sources from various archives and a critical re-analysis of the available secondary literature. The assertion that Domagk was critical of Nazi ideology cannot be objectified. Domagk adapted to the regime, allowed himself to be integrated, enjoyed privileges and thus indirectly contributed to making the regime presentable. In this respect he fulfils the classic characteristics of a political follower.

A fairytale career in spite of political disenfranchisement: The jewish oral pathologist Bálint Orbán (1899-1960).

Viennese scientist Bálint Orbán (1899-1960) was an international pioneer in the area of oral pathology and one of the principle figures comprising the "Vienna School" of the 1920s. His works "Biology and Pathology of the Tooth and its Supporting Mechanism" (1938) and "Atlas of Clinical Pathology of the Oral Mucous Membrane" (1955), both published in the United States, set new standards across the globe. Even today, the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) honors aspiring researchers with the Bálint Orbán Award in the context of its "Orbán Memorial Program". One aspect of Orbán's life that remains widely unknown is the fact that his career was thrown into existential threat following Hitler's rise to power in 1938. As a scientist of Jewish ancestry, the new government stripped him of his venia legendi and, as such, robbed him the basis for working as a university professor in Vienna. What became of Orbán's life and career in the years thereafter? What were the conditions that ultimately led him to the United States? How did he manage to set up his career in this new context - including in comparison to his other colleagues who also emigrated? Which factors were ultimately decisive for his further career? The present article seeks to address these very questions. The sources used for this study include documents from the Austrian State Archives as well as from the Vienna University Archive. Our archival work was followed by a critical re-analysis of the available secondary literature. This article illustrates that Bálint Orbán was part of a small group of Jewish scientists who did not suffer from a rupture or setback in their careers under National Socialism. In fact, despite professional disenfranchisement and forced migration, they succeeded in making smooth professional transitions and even advancing their careers. One decisive factor in this - apart from Orbán's consistently high-degree of dedication to his work and above-average research output - was his robust network academic contacts, which he previously laid the groundwork for during his first stay in the United States (1927-1929) and continued to resolutely foster afterwards. Thanks to these contacts, even before his permission to work as a professor in Vienna was revoked, Orbán managed to flee to Chicago and quickly attain a professorship. He spent the rest of his academic life in the United States and, much like his other émigré colleague from Vienna, Hans Popper (1903-1988), he developed what would become his posthumous prominence in this new country.

Incidental Ultrastructural Findings in the Sural Nerve and Dorsal Root Ganglion of Aged Control Sprague Dawley Rats in a Nonclinical Carcinogenicity Study.

Xenobiotic-induced peripheral nerve damage is a growing concern. Identifying relative risks that a new drug may cause peripheral nerve injury over long periods of administration is gathering importance in the evaluation of animal models. Separating out age-related changes in peripheral nerves of rats caused by compression injury from drug-induced effects has been difficult. Biopsy of the sural nerve is utilized in humans for investigations of peripheral neuropathy, because it is largely removed from the effects of nerve compression. This study used transmission electron microscopy to identify incidental findings in the sural nerves and dorsal root ganglia of aged control rats over time. The goal was to establish a baseline understanding of the range of possible changes that could be noted in controls compared to rats treated with any new investigative drug. In this evaluation, most sural nerve fibers from aged control rats had few ultrastructural abnormalities of pathologic significance. However, glycogenosomes, polyglucosan bodies, swollen mitochondria, autolysosomes, split myelin, Schwann cell processes, and endoneural macrophages with phagocytosed debris (considered an indication of ongoing degenerative changes) were occasionally noted.

Blind in the right eye? The practice of awarding honorary memberships by German and Austrian dental societies (1949-1993) to Nazi dentists: A study on the role of National Socialism in post-war dentistry.

According to ongoing public discourse, the dental profession in Germany and Austria has found it rather difficult to come to terms with the National Socialist past. Against this background, this study focuses on the practice of awarding honorary memberships by German and Austrian dental societies in the years 1949-1993. In particular, it examines how previous memberships in the Nazi party or other Nazi organisations were handled. We identified a total of 86 honourees, 47 of whom (55 %) were members of the NSDAP during the Third Reich, whereas only two were of Jewish origin. This leads to two conclusions: (1) Previous involvement with Nazi organisations was obviously not a limiting factor in the selection of honourees, and (2) after 1945, the Jewish colleagues were marginalised for a second time-now by being largely overlooked. The reasons of both findings are analysed and contextualised.

The Jewish Pathologist Carl Julius Rothberger (1871-1945) and the gradual deprivation of his rights in the Third Reich.

The Jewish pathologist Carl Julius Rothberger (1871-1945) is undoubtedly one of the most important representatives of his field. His studies on atrial fibrillation, the bundle branch block and arrhythmia perpetua in particular secured him a place in medical history. Rothberger also gave the name to an agar used to prove the neutral red reduction of salmonella (Rothberger-Scheffler agar). While Rothberger's name is well known in pathology, his biography and his experiences of stigmatization as a Jewish university lecturer have received little attention. The latter are therefore the focus of this paper. Three central research questions need to be answered: What effect did Rothberger's Jewish origins have on his personal life and on his career at the University of Vienna in the first third of the 20th century? What personal changes resulted from the "Anschluss" ("annexation") of Austria to the German Reich (1938) and the assumption of power by the National Socialists? And finally, what role does Rothberger play in the collective memory of the city of Vienna today - does a kind of public memory exist? The current work is based on extensive primary sources from the Archives of the University of Vienna, the manuscript collection of the Archives of the Medical Faculty there and the Austrian State Archives. Some of these primary sources have been evaluated for the first time. They have been supplemented by contemporary newspaper articles and the relevant secondary literature. Although Rothberger grew up in a largely assimilated upper middle-class family in which religious practice hardly played a role, he was exposed to considerable anti-Semitic and repressive actions, especially from the 1920s onwards. However, these repressions only become apparent at second glance. Stages of increasing rights deprivation included (1) Rothberger's frustratingly unsuccessful applications for the Chair of General and Experimental Pathology, which had been vacant since 1924, (2) his forced early retirement (1936/37), (3) an exclusion order against him along with temporary imprisonment after the "annexation" (1938), and (4) the final closure of the institute which he had helped develop and shape over decades (1942). An active public debate on the victims of National Socialism has been taking place in Vienna and at its university since the turn of the millennium. In this context, Carl Julius Rothberger was officially commemorated at a ceremony in 2010 - a late attempt to rescue him and his work from collective oblivion.

Bloqueio no desenvolvimento emocional: diálogo entre as concepções de couraça e falso self / Bloqueo en el desarrollo emocional: el diálogo entre las concepciones del coraza y falso self / Blockage on emotional development: dialogue between the concepts of armor and false self

Ao longo da literatura psicanalítica, observamos casos em que o analista encontra dificuldade ao lidar com certos tipos de pacientes, estes que apresentam pouca melhora sem um manejo especial. Baseando-se nisso, consideramos que Donald Winnicott e Wilhelm Reich trazem importantes contribuições para o tema, principalmente quando introduzem os conceitos de falso self e couraça. Nosso objetivo, portanto, delineia-se em estabelecer um breve diálogo entre estes conceitos, destacando algumas aproximações e distanciamentos. A metodologia de pesquisa se faz por meio do levantamento bibliográfico, sendo de natureza qualitativa e histórica. Ao final do trabalho, concluímos que os conceitos de couraça e falso self mais se aproximam do que se distanciam, na medida em que dizem respeito ao bloqueio emocional, da motilidade, da agressividade e da espontaneidade (AU).

Throughout the psychoanalytic literature, we observe cases where the analyst finds difficulty to deal with some kind of patients, those who do not present a significant improvement without a special handling. Based on this, we consider that Donald Winnicott and Wilhelm Reich bring important contributions to the theme, especially when they introduce the concepts of false self and armor. Our objective, therefore, is to establish a short dialogue between these concepts, emphasizing some approximations and distinctions. The research methodology is done through a bibliographic survey, being of qualitative and historical nature. At the end of the work, we concluded that the concepts of armor and false self are more similar than they are different in relation to emotional, motility, aggressiveness and spontaneity blockage (AU).

A lo largo de la literatura psicoanalítica, hemos observado casos en los que al analista le resulta difícil trabajar con ciertos tipos de pacientes, estos que tienen poca mejora sin tratamiento especial. En base a esto, creemos que Donald Winnicott y Wilhelm Reich traen importantes contribuciones al tema, principalmente cuando introducen los conceptos de falso self y coraza. Nuestro objetivo, por tanto, se delinea en establecer un breve diálogo entre estos conceptos, destacando algunas aproximaciones y distanciamientos. La metodología de investigación se produce por medio del levantamiento bibliográfico, siendo de naturaleza cualitativa e histórica. Al final del trabajo, nosotros concluimos que los conceptos de coraza y falso self están más cerca que distantes en lo que se refiere al bloqueo emocional, la motilidad, la agresividad y la espontaneidad (AU).

Disfranchisement, expulsion and persecution of pathologists in the Third Reich - A sociodemographic study.

This sociodemographic study focuses on the disenfranchisement, expulsion and persecution of pathologists in the Third Reich - a group that has, until now, received little systematic attention in scholarly research. The paper attempts to determine the number of pathologists who suffered persecution, the characteristics they shared, and the effects the repression had on their lives - both in the period from 1933 to 1945 and in the post-war period. The study is based on primary sources from numerous archives as well as on a systematic re-analysis of published secondary literature on the history of Nazi medicine. A total of 89 disenfranchised pathologists were identified and have been included. The vast majority of these pathologists (90%) were persecuted due to their Jewish ancestry or their relation to Jews. A good two-thirds of these pathologists were employed at a university until their disenfranchisement. For two-thirds of these pathologists (n = 62; 70%), documentation of emigration was found. Twenty-four pathologists remained in their home country; of these, five died in concentration camps and two others committed suicide. The preferred country for direct immigration was the United States (n = 19), followed by Great Britain (n = 13). Most of these pathologists were able to establish themselves professionally in their destination country, and little inclination to return to Germany after 1945 was shown. The reasons for this were a lack of career options in their home country, the lack of a welcoming culture among colleagues and universities, and the stigmatizing experiences of individual pathologists had during academic appointments and reparations proceedings in Germany. However, especially in recent decades and in part posthumously, these pathologists are being granted honorary, intangible recognition in Germany and Austria. Even though this recognition can no longer provide tangible reparations, it is nevertheless a sign of a gradual change in consciousness.

Bayesian modeling of air pollution extremes using nested multivariate max-stable processes.

Capturing the potentially strong dependence among the peak concentrations of multiple air pollutants across a spatial region is crucial for assessing the related public health risks. In order to investigate the multivariate spatial dependence properties of air pollution extremes, we introduce a new class of multivariate max-stable processes. Our proposed model admits a hierarchical tree-based formulation, in which the data are conditionally independent given some latent nested positive stable random factors. The hierarchical structure facilitates Bayesian inference and offers a convenient and interpretable characterization. We fit this nested multivariate max-stable model to the maxima of air pollution concentrations and temperatures recorded at a number of sites in the Los Angeles area, showing that the proposed model succeeds in capturing their complex tail dependence structure.